Mexico City Photos

Pentecost - Whitsunday
Queenship of Mary

I put more Mexico City photos on my Flickr page.

The Anti-Haiku Haiku

Haikus: not for me;
I print the ones I’m sent and –
oh, what a bonfire!

- by S.E.R., 28 May 2009

Guadalupe

"For I am truly your compassionate Mother: your Mother and the Mother to all who dwell in this land and to all other nations and peoples who love me and call and entreat me. I am the Mother of all who seek me and place their trust in me."
- Our Lady of Guadalupe

At the shrine of Guadalupe, Mexico

The pinnacle of my trip last weekend was a visit to the Shrine of Guadalupe.

Mexico City After All

So I went to Mexico City after all.

Friday night I arrived and was greeted by an earthquake. Cell phone coverage was spotty for a time as a result, so it took me a while to get in touch with my local contacts; otherwise I was unaffected.

Saturday I visited the shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe, which was the fulfillment of an old promise. Later in the day I went to the Teotihuacan pyramids; in the first 41 years of my life I managed to avoid climbing any pyramids, but on Saturday I made up for lost time by climbing three. I ended the day with a trip to the Tepotzotlan museum.

Sunday I visited the Church of the Holy Family and paid my respects to Bl. Fr. Pro; after that I went to Mass. Afterward I spent the afternoon at the Anthropological Museum.

Tomorrow I fly home; photos, video, and more details to follow.

To Tut or Not to Tut

Yesterday I made my way down to the Boisfeuillet Jones Atlanta Civic Center to gaze upon several dozen King Tut knick-knacks, gimcracks, and bric-a-brac. The ancient Egyptians, it turns out, believed that the skin of their deities was made of gold, which is why they wrapped up their dead pharaohs in so much of it. Who knew?

Funeral Mask of King Tut Ankh Amun
Knick-knacks travel, but the mask stays in Egypt

The story of Tut (d. 1324 BC) is vague on a number of points. He was probably the son of the heretic Pharaoh Akhenaten (d. 1335 BC), who had attempted to compel his subjects to adopt his novel monotheistic religion of the sun-god Aten. Tut attempted to reverse his father's eccentricities and restore the full pantheon of divinities, but he died an early death at the tender age of 19. Though his efforts were continued by successors, the priests of the time were not the understanding sort: because of his association with Akhenaten they omitted Tut's name from the classic list of kings that were kept in the cities of Abydos and Karnak. His Egyptian Gothic relations are also no doubt why, though Tut's tomb was filled to the brim with thousands of precious artifacts, it is unimpressively modest by pharaonic standards.

During my tour of the exhibit I came upon the name and a few statuettes of the warlike pharaoh Rameses. This was the Rameses with whom Moses contended and whose troops became lost at sea without quitting their chariots. Interestingly, archeological records are mum on the topics of the 10 plagues from Heaven, the Hebrew slaves escaping the land of bondage, and the Egyptian army being engulfed by a Red Sea tidal wave. Yet if the minimalist tale of Tut is any help, it illustrates that the pre-Ptolemaic Egyptians were not of a mind to keep records of unmentionable embarrassments.

Qui habet aures audiendi, audiat.

Dan and Ron's Mediocrity

N.Y. Times film critic A.O. Scott had this to say about the latest Dan Brown/Ron Howard offering:

"Since 'Angels & Demons' takes place mainly in the Vatican, and is festooned with the rites and ornaments of Roman Catholicism, I might as well begin with a confession. I have not read the novel by Dan Brown on which this film (directed, like its predecessor, 'The Da Vinci Code,' by Ron Howard) is based. I have come to believe that to do so would be a sin against my faith, not in the Church of Rome but in the English language, a noble and beleaguered institution against which Mr. Brown practices vile and unspeakable blasphemy."

Scott continues, "This movie, without being particularly good...combines the visual charm of mass-produced postcards with the mental stimulation of an easy Monday crossword puzzle."

So, as a work of fiction the tale is badly written, and as a film it is a banal effort. From a theological standpoint it can be viewed as yet another hatchet job like the duo's previous handiwork; thus, that Dan is a hack writer and Ron peaked with Opie are just aggravating factors.

Student Hoaxes World's Media

Source

Twenty-two year old Sociology major Shane Fitzgerald of Dublin University wanted to test how readily modern media upholds accuracy and accountability in an age of instant news.

So he posted a phony poetic quote on Wikipedia about French composer Maurice Jarre (RIP), then watched as his unattributed "quotation" was picked up by newspapers around the globe.

Fitzgerald's experiment was an unethical act of virtual vandalism. It also underscored the unreliability of publicly-edited articles.

Wikimedia spokesman Jay Walsh stressed that Wikipedia editors picked up on the unattributed quotation and removed it from the site within a few hours.

But what if the author had provided a source as part of his experiment? Would the editors have been as quick to correct the entry? Perhaps a future experiment will provide an informative answer.

In the meantime, use Wiki as you like, but caveat emptor.

Downpatrick

Downpatrick is the town in the north of Ireland, some 20 miles south of Belfast, where St. Patrick is buried (this is atop Cathedral Hill). The town's name is derived from the old Irish name Dún Pádraig, which means Patrick's Fort. While I was there in 2002 I picked seven clovers from the spot and gave them to friends as souveniers.

Kneeling at St. Patrick's Grave, 2002

The other day I was showing photos of the trip to colleagues at the office, and one person asked why I was smiling at someone's grave.

We were interrupted before I could give a reply, but the answer is that the person buried there is a saint in Heaven, which is cause for a great deal of smiling if you ask me (Luke 15:7).

Ut ad altare Domini memineritis mei.

Gargano and an Anniversary

Today we commemorate the apparition of St. Michael at Mt. Gargano, Italy.

Grotto of St. Michael at Mt. Gargano

Well known is the apparition of St. Michael at his renowned sanctuary on Mt. Gargano, where his original glory as patron was war restored to him. To his intercession the Lombards of central Italy attributed their victory over the Greek Neapolitans on 8 May, 663. In commemoration of this victory the local church instituted a special feast in honor of the archangel, which has spread over the entire Latin Church and is now called (since the time of St. Pius V) "The Apparition of St. Michael", although it originally commemorated not the apparition, but the victory.

Today is also the 10th anniversary of my Confirmation, done at St. Michael's Catholic Church here in Roswell, GA, Deo gratias.

Cold Calling

I got my first professional job on a cold call.

The opportunity came when I was working a temp assignment after college -- the big gamble in the land of Buckeyes hadn't panned out, and I'd moved back to Atlanta in 1992 to try to get my bearings. I was driving a forklift in a Coca-Cola warehouse when I ran into a chap named Brian who'd been let go from his job and was taking what work he could get after cashing his last unemployment check.

"My degree was in English," I told him. "I took a technical writing course in college and really enjoyed it."

"Technical writing?" Brian said. "I have a few friends in the field who might be hiring a freshman tech writer."

Later Brian provided me with a list of five names and telephone numbers. I coddled together a resume -- my writing experience had consisted of writing church newsletters in college -- and set about making some calls.

Three of the people had no openings. A fourth yelled at me for wasting her time before slamming down the phone down.

For the record, she was a Yankee.

Call number five was the ticket. "Why don't you come on down to the office and we'll see about putting you to work," Deb my future boss said.

And so I started my career as a contract technical writer at the now-defunct IBM affiliate KnowledgeWare* making the unprecedented sum of $10 an hour. My big project was writing a user guide by way of reverse-engineering a component of the company's IEW system.

Deb left the company three months later, and three months after that I was let go in layoffs. The consolation was that I could now put "Experienced Technical Writer" on my resume. It seems like a modest enough event in retrospect; at the time, though, it opened the door on a new world of opportunities.

* The owner was Fran Tarkenton. He was shorter than I expected.

Thoughts on Torture

The web site Beliefnet is, by and large, a bad idea. A site that puts contrarian religions side by side for comparison as if one were as good as another invites indifferentism (at least).

That qualifier acknowledged, there is a comment on yesterday's site worth reading. Look for the entry titled "Thoughts on torture" (May 4, 2009 1:20 PM) at http://blog.beliefnet.com/viamedia/2009/05/wheres-the-apology_comments.html

I wish I'd written it.

Magnificence, Empire, and Power

"God is dead."
- Friedrich Nietzsche, 1882

"Nietzsche is dead."
- God, 1900

Nietzsche's God is dead notion anticipated the popular modern secular creed that would destroy objective truth and value and replace them with a variety of subjective perspectives.

While variety is the slice of life, it is not the meat and potatoes of life: it can keep things interesting, but you don't stay alive consuming it. God alone is the ground of our being; without Him, everything else falls into chaos and insanity.

As the instructive life of the author of the Wahnbriefe demonstrated.

Soli Deo Salvatori nostro, per Jesum Christum Dominum nostrum, gloria et magnificentia, imperium et potestas ante omne sæculum, et nunc, et in omnia sæcula sæculorum. Amen.

St. Joseph the Workman

The Catholic Church’s Response to the Socialist May Day
“Be still and see that I am God...” – Psalm 45:11

St. Joseph, the Carpenter
by Georges de La Tour

In his Communist Manifesto Karl Marx called on the workers of the world to unite in a worldwide class struggle. Just over 40 years later May 1 was chosen by socialists as International Workers' Day, or May Day: the celebration of the achievements of socialism in memory of the 1886 Chicago labor riots, popularly called the Haymarket Riots.

In a speech given to the Christian Association of Italian Workers on May 1, 1955, Pope Pius XII established May 1 as the feast of St. Joseph the Workman. Whereas communism and its handmaid socialism fomented class warfare polluted with envy, the Holy Father declared that “far from being a stimulus for discord, hate and violence, May 1st is and will be a recurring invitation to modern society to accomplish that which is still lacking for social peace.”

Communism: War and Revolution
The Communist Manifesto, published in 1848 by German-born Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, was a declaration of war against western society and culture, a tract some 12,000 words in length that called for the working (or proletariat) class to forcibly overthrow the ruling (or bourgeoisie) class and produce a classless society.

This new society would be attained after passing through a period characterized by a dispersed agrarian-based populace deprived of rights of property and inheritance and gathered into industrial armies that were governed by a State with a monopoly on credit, communication, transportation, and the instruments of production.

To attain this goal, the Manifesto eschewed “improvers of the condition of the working class, organizers of charity,” and similar deeds of incremental reform that endeavored to change the fundamental structures of society through a series of prudent improvements implemented over time.

Marx vilified the proposition that capital and labor were complementary, vociferating instead that the two were constitutionally antagonistic. He argued that the internecine warfare waged by those who work for a wage upon those who possess capital and the means of production was an evolutionary step, the inevitable culmination of the history of the oppressors’ injustice inflicted on the oppressed.

In this manner communists furiously agitated ostensibly on behalf of the proletariat – i.e. in a perverse fashion that the Catholic Church and men of good will could never sanction, but only look upon with horror. The Marxists protested that they were protecting the afflicted, but they did so by denying men the honor owed them in their property, their good name, and their life. Further, by exaggerating the excesses of the predominant social systems, they sought a means by which to eviscerate the existing edifices of society – religion, country, family – and replace them with a totalitarian, materialistic, and atheistic despotism. Communism was total war on God and all that proceeded from acknowledgement of the Deity.

Labor in 19th Century America
A worldwide economic downturn spanned roughly the last 25 years the 19th century, one that followed on the heels of the 1870 Franco-Prussian war and the 1873 collapse of the Vienna Stock Exchange.

In the United States one response to this economic depression was the growth of labor unions and fraternal organizations. Capitalizing on the frustrations of the working classes, communists campaigned militantly to win leadership of labor unions. The labor union fights were frequently acrimonious.

The American Civil War (1861-1865) was a further complicating factor for labor issues. After the war the poorer classes sometimes formed their own derivative secret groups, modeled on the Freemasons who themselves boasted of members drawn from among society’s elites. One such worker’s organization, the Knights of Labor (KOL) begun in Philadelphia, favored a progressive income tax and the cessation of child labor, denied membership to bankers and stock market speculators, and engaged in strikes and boycotts in negotiations with employers. While the rank and file were workers, the leaders were usually men of means and – often enough – Freemasons with conflicting loyalties.

The bitter political battles within the KOL initiated by the Socialists soured relations among a number of key members, some of whom left to help found the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions (FOTLU)[1] in Indiana in 1881. Though the KOL continued to grow rapidly, the FOTLU failed to ever garner much support (its chief legacy is its proposal to introduce the American Labor Day holiday, held the first Monday in September; the proposal became federal law in 1894). The KOL continued to muddy the waters of union relationships by unabashedly recruiting FOTLU members, providing workers to employers for rival-union strikes, and publicly excoriating FOTLU’s political and social initiatives.

The Riot in Haymarket Square
Hoping to shore up support and increase its appeal, in 1884 the languishing FOTLU initiated a national campaign to introduce a mandatory eight-hour work day which, if not adopted, would become grounds for a national strike.

Meanwhile the KOL’s leadership had begun to endorse the Progressive Cigar-makers' Union, a Chicago-based group of anarchist cigar makers that espoused a nakedly Marxist platform, radically denouncing capitalism and calling for open rebellion against it. The radical cigar makers opposed the FOTLU strike, and tempers flared.

The strike commenced with the arrival of the first day of May in 1886; over 350,000 workers from 1,200 factories participated. New York numbered 10,000 strikers and Detroit 11,000, but Chicago’s 90,000 strikers was by far the largest turnout.

On the third day of the Chicago strike, at the McCormick Reaper Works, police officers killed four participants and wounded several others while breaking up a fight between strikers and workers who had been sent to cross the picket line.

Later that day anarchists distributed fliers implying that the police murdered the strikers. The fliers announced a rally the next day at Chicago’s Haymarket Square. To the concern of the city’s mayor and the police force, one version of the flyer said, “Workingmen Arm Yourselves and Appear in Full Force!”

On May 4 the strikers converged on Haymarket Square. The police were there in strength, prepared for any contingency. The rally was uneventful, however, until August Spies, an immigrant German anarchist known for advocating political violence, took the stage to give a speech.

During Spies’ speech, his comrades distributed a flyer for the occasion written in English and German and titled “Revenge!” Its concluding sentiment was:

If you are men, if you are the sons of your grand sires, who have shed their blood to free you, then you will rise in your might, Hercules, and destroy the hideous monster that seeks to destroy you. To arms we call you, to arms.

As Spies was speaking, the police attempted to disperse the crowd. A scuffle ensued, during which someone threw a pipe bomb that immediately killed one police officer and injured many more, several of them mortally.

In an instant, the legend of the bomb-throwing anarchist was born.

Without hesitation the police opened fire on the crowd. Four strikers were killed in the ensuing riot, and five dozen police officers and well over a hundred on-lookers were injured. A number of men, including Spies, were arrested.

Aftermath of the Haymarket Riots
Eight men were tried for the riot and the murder of police officers. In an injudicious legal approach, the prosecution did not focus on whether any of the eight men had thrown the bomb; instead, the case centered on whether the men had incited a riot by their encouragement to violence. The jury – who, in poetic fashion, had been permitted by the judge to read the anarchists’ writings advocating political violence to attain social reform – returned eight guilty verdicts.

One of the convicted men received a 15-year prison sentence. The remaining seven were condemned to death; two of the men had their sentences commuted to life in prison, while a third committed suicide with a cigar bomb. The four remaining men – including Spies – were taken to the gallows, where they sang La Marseillaise before being hanged.

The sentences and executions were greeted with cries of protest from labor unions and newspapers around the globe. In 1893 the governor of Illinois declared that all eight men had been innocent and pardoned the three survivors. The police commander who ordered the dispersal was convicted of corruption. The true bomber, meanwhile, was never identified by authorities.

Three years after the riots, the Second International – a gathering of socialist and labor parties who fought for international socialism[2] – met in Paris for the centennial of the French Revolution and for the World’s Fair. Members called for demonstrations around the globe on the 1890 anniversary of the Chicago riots. A few years later May Day was formally recognized by the Second International as an annual event. Further May Day riots followed, including two in Cleveland, Ohio in 1894 and 1919.

And so in the century to come, the May Day events of Chicago’s Haymarket became a rallying cry for the atheistic creed of communism manifested in deeds of crime, violence, torture, famine, repression, forced collectivization, mass deportations, massacres, and the destruction of the Faith and its churches and monuments. The atrocities were most pronounced in the region stretching from Lenin and Stalin’s Soviet Empire to the land of Chairman Mao’s “Glorious Revolution” in Red China, but the imitators were legion: the Korea of Kim Il Sung and the Vietnam of Uncle Ho, Afghanistan under Najibullah and Ethiopia under Menguistu, Neto’s Angola, Castro’s Cuba. Over 100 million persons would be murdered under these many regimes. These monstrous deeds were committed, the communists claimed, incredibly, to liberate the working man from the injustices of capitalism.

The Church and the Communists
The first encyclical of Pope Pius IX, Qui Pluribus, promulgated in 1846, was the initial Papal condemnation of the error of communism. Thus, even before Marx and Engel’s “scientific” articulation of communism the Catholic Church battled with that modern terror that was absolutely contrary to the natural law. Pius XII was one of several pontiffs who spoke to remind men of the true solution to the world’s woes: not material success, not violent upheaval, and not atheism. What men of the world needed – what in fact they were obliged to do - was to give themselves wholly to Almighty God, not only interiorly but in all their exterior works.

The ideal model for men in this capacity was to be St. Joseph, the patron of social justice. The foster-father of the Son of God was himself a poor man, though of noble descent; he possessed no material wealth, held no prospects for worldly advancement, did not aspire to directly refashion society through revolution. And he was reckoned a just man to whom the Son of God Himself was subject as to a father.

Pope Pius XI declared St. Joseph to be the patron of the Universal Church. In 1936 Pope Pius proclaimed, “We place the vast campaign of the Church against the world of Communism under the standard of St. Joseph, her mighty protector.” Pius XI also gave the Church many allocutions, encyclicals, and speeches to combat the rapidly-spreading errors of the Marxist creed.[3] The most eloquent encyclical appeared in 1937, Divini Redemptoris, condemning atheistic communism. “This Apostolic See,” the Holy Father reminded the Church and the world, “knows that its proper and social mission is to defend truth, justice, and all those eternal values which Communism ignores or attacks.”

Feast of St. Joseph the Workman
Less than 20 years after the publication of Divini Redemptoris, Pope Pius XII carried on the work of his predecessor by providing the festivity of St. Joseph for besieged working men.

On May 1, 1955, Pope Pius XII granted an audience to the Catholic Association of Italian Workers, whose members had gathered in Saint Peter’s Square to celebrate the 10th anniversary of their society by publicly renewing their commitment to the social doctrine of the Church. On that day the Pope instituted the feast of St. Joseph the Worker. The Pope assured his audience and the working people of the world that:

You have beside you a shepherd, a defender and a father in Saint Joseph, the carpenter whom God in His providence chose to be the virginal father of Jesus and the head of the Holy Family. He is silent but has excellent hearing, and his intercession is very powerful over the Heart of the Savior.

The Holy Father continued:

We put your Associations under the powerful patronage of St. Joseph. There could not, in fact, be a better protector to help you to make the Spirit of the Gospel penetrate into your life. As we said before, from the Heart of the Man-God, the Savior of the world, this spirit abounds in you and in all men; but it is quite certain that no worker was ever so perfectly and profoundly penetrated by it as was the putative Father of Jesus, who lived with Him in the closest intimacy and community of family and of work. Therefore, if you wish to be close to Christ, we also repeat again today, “Ite ad Joseph” – “Go to Joseph!”

No longer would the communists have the monopoly on a day of celebration on behalf of workers. Henceforth, the Catholic Church would have its own feast, and so continue its divine mission to guide, protect, and love the suffering, particularly those most in need of defense and help, the workers and other sons of the people.

Accepted as such by Christian workers, and almost receiving Christian unction, the 1st of May, so far from being a renewal of discord, hate, and violence, is, and will be, a recurring invitation to modern society to accomplish that which is still lacking for societal peace: a Christian feast, that is, a jubilant day for the concrete and progressive triumph of the Christian ideals of the great family of labor.

So that this meaning may be present, and in a certain way as an immediate exchange for the numerous and previous gifts which have come to us from all parts of Italy, we lovingly announce to you our intention to institute – as we in fact do institute – the liturgical feast of St. Joseph the Artisan, assigning to it precisely the first of May.

Does this our gift please you, dear working men and women? We are sure it does, because the humble artisan of Nazareth not only represents to God and to Holy Church the dignity of manual labor, but is also always the providential guardian of you and your families.

With this allocution Pius XII established a feast day to counter the communist May Day and the demented creed that inspired it. The Church was to have a festival to remind men of the dignity of work and to inspire societal life and laws that were founded on the equal division of rights and duties. Communism had been a machine for producing power, one that ignored all considerations but the utility of labor, destroying in the process the humanity of the laborer who operates the machine. To this madness the Catholic Faith would continue to be vehemently opposed, reminding its Faithful children in the illustrious example of the worth of the worker who is to be redeemed by the Son of God.

Apologia Pro St. Joseph
It is evil teachers who would have poor men regard their condition as a misfortune and a wrong, and urge them to seek redress by forcibly appropriating the goods of others. Thus it has pleased God to exhibit St. Joseph in all his glory as the true model of the working man. All laborers should turn their eyes towards him to learn their true dignity as Christian artisans who worthily support their families. Just as St. Joseph’s nobility as a descendent of the House of David was hidden from the eyes of men, so the working man, following Joseph’s example, would have a special dignity unknown to frenetic souls who do not know peace.

St. Joseph, the humble carpenter of Nazareth with a predilection for poverty who esteemed and loved labor, portrays the dignity of the manual laborer and the provider and guardian of the worker’s family. That God placed His Son in the care of St. Joseph is the supreme example of the worth the Almighty places on the laborer. In the encyclical Quamquam Pluries Pope Leo XIII wrote of St. Joseph, “regularly by his work he earned what was necessary for the one and the other for nourishment and clothing…” Comparing St. Joseph to the Old Testament Joseph, Pope Leo continued:

And in truth, beyond the fact — the significance of which has never been denied — that the same name was given to both, you well know the points of likeness that exist between them: namely, that the first Joseph won the favor and special good will of his master, and that through Joseph's administration his household came to prosperity and wealth; that (still more important) he presided over the kingdom with great power, and in a time when the harvests failed, he provided for all the needs of the Egyptians with so much wisdom that the king decreed to him the title “savior of the world.”

Devotion to St. Joseph has been known since the 4th century, but only in the Eastern Church. In the west the devotion acquired impetus with the preaching of St. Bernard, St. Thomas Aquinas, St. Gertrude, and St. Bridget of Sweden. St. Thomas Aquinas wrote, “Some Saints are privileged to extend to us their patronage with particular efficacy in certain needs, but not in others; but our holy patron St. Joseph has the power to assist us in all cases, in every necessity and in every undertaking.”

In the 15th century Pope Sixtus IV introduced the feast of St. Joseph to the Roman Calendar. St. Joseph steadily acquired new devotees, until his cult was especially strengthened in the 16th century by the reformed Order of Carmelites. In 1562 St. Teresa of Avila, patroness of Spain, founded the little Monastery of St. Joseph of Avila, a convent of discalced Carmelite nuns of the primitive rule of St. Joseph devoted to solitude, silence, austerity, and poverty. The decision to name the convent for St. Joseph was influenced by his intercession to deliver Teresa from a serious illness in her youth. St. Teresa also chose St. Joseph’s as her place of retreat and refuge during the persecutions of the reformed order, when she was condemned to voluntary retirement. The Carmelite reformer wrote, “To other Saints Our Lord seems to have given power to succor us in some special necessity; but to this glorious Saint, I know by experience, He has given the power to help us in all needs.”

St. Thomas Aquinas, St. Teresa of Avila, Popes Pius XI and XII – all point to St. Joseph to remind us that it is in the solitude of the forgotten places that God reveals Himself to humble hearts.

Blessed are the poor in spirit – those who lead just lives free from idleness, who desire to remain hidden and work peaceably – for theirs is the kingdom of Heaven. What a respite from the restless activity of modern life!

Sources
* Pius XII, allocution to the Christian Association of Italian Workers: Acta Apostolicae Sedie 47 (May 1, 1955) pp. 403-4. Translation from the Italian by Rev. Fr. Christopher Danel (2007)
* The Life and Glories of Saint Joseph, Edward Healy Thompson, M.A. (TAN Books and Publishers, Inc.; 1980)
* Catholic: The Voice of Catholic Orthodoxy, No. 257 (The Desert Will Flower Press; April/May/June; 2007; pp. 16-7)
* Catholic Action for Christ Our King, Rev. Fr. Stephen DeLallo, FSSPX (Lepanto Press; 2006)
* The Black Book of Communism, Stéphanie Courtois et al (Harvard University Press; 1999)
* History of the Labor Movement in the United States, Philip S. Foner, (International Publishers; 1955)
* Knights Unhorsed: Internal Conflict in a Gilded Age Social Movement, Robert E. Weir (Wayne State University Press; 2000)

[1] The FOTLU survives today as the American Federation of Labor (AFL).
[2] One of the Russian members of the Second International was Vladimir Lenin.
[3] Including Miserentissimus Redemptor, Quadragesimo Anno, Caritate Christi Compulsi, Acerba Animi, Dilectissima Nobis